An exploratory study of integrating wearable cardiovascular devices (ECG-based, postoperative devices) into EU MDR regulatory pathways
Alternative Title
Abstract
This dissertation explores the integration of wearable CVDs, specifically ECG-based post-operative monitors, into the EU MDR pathways. Wearable cardiovascular devices have revolutionised patient care through the possibility of real-time remote monitoring of cardiac function, enabling early complication detection and reduction in hospital readmission. However, the dynamic nature of these technologies, especially those including AI and constant software updates, creates challenges in navigating the stringent and complex EU MDR framework. The study identifies a significant gap in the existing literature and regulatory framework. While the clinical usefulness and technological advancements of wearable ECG-based devices have been welldocumented, practical challenges in this integration have been paid little attention. In particular, the lack of transparent guidelines regarding AI-powered wearables, overreliance on traditional clinical validation methodologies such as RCTs, and the absence of standardised post-marketing surveillance strategies create regulatory uncertainty and delay market entry. To bridge this gap, the study is grounded in qualitative research methodology underpinned by interpretivist philosophy and inductive reasoning. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key stakeholders; regulatory experts, manufacturers, and clinicians, to capture their experience and perspective concerning MDR conformity for wearable CVDs. Thematic analysis was employed to identify emerging patterns and potential solutions. The findings reveal crucial themes: the complexity of regulation, interoperability and cybersecurity issues, challenges in leveraging real-world data for validation, and a clear call for greater communication between regulators, manufacturers, and clinical users. The study revealed inconsistencies between regulatory strictness and flexibility for rapidly developing digital health technologies. This dissertation contributes theoretically and practically by offering strategic recommendations to harmonise MDR compliance. These include adopting adaptive classification models for AI-based equipment, recognising real-world evidence as clinical evidence, and establishing fast-track approval pathways. The research points out the necessity to balance innovation with patient safety and advocates for an improved agile and open regulatory system that encourages technological advancement while not compromising public health. In conclusion, the current study provides timely observations on regulatory integration challenges and offers practical solutions to bridge the gap between regulation and innovation in the EU healthcare setting
