Perceptions and Impact of Wearable Glucose Monitor In Urban and Rural Diabetes Management in Kerala and Ireland
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a growing global health challenge, with marked differences in prevalence, management, and access to technology across countries. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices have transformed diabetes care by enabling real-time monitoring, improved glycaemic control, and patient self-management. This study compares the perceptions, adoption, and impacts of wearable glucose monitors of two locations. The first location is Kerala, India. In India diabetes prevalence is among the highest worldwide but CGM adoption remains limited. The second location is Ireland, where national strategies and reimbursement policies have facilitated wider uptake. Using a mixed-methods approach, surveys and interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals across urban and rural settings to identify barriers, enablers, and perceived patient outcomes. Findings indicate that CGM use is substantially higher in Ireland, supported by structured care pathways, reimbursement schemes, and integration into clinical workflows. In contrast, Kerala demonstrates sporadic adoption, constrained by high out-of-pocket costs, limited availability, and gaps in provider education. Despite these disparities, both contexts reported high clinician confidence in device efficacy, with over 80% perceiving improvements in glycaemic control, reduced hypoglycaemic episodes, and increased patient engagement. Barriers were context-specific: economic and infrastructural in Kerala, and workforce capacity and workflow integration in Ireland. Notably, noninternet CGMs emerged as a partial solution to connectivity challenges in Kerala, though supply and interpretation gaps persist. The study concludes that equitable CGM diffusion requires bundled strategies, including financing, workforce training, and reliable supply chains, tailored to local contexts. These findings provide actionable evidence for policymakers and clinicians seeking to scale wearable glucose monitoring in diverse healthcare environments.
